miércoles, 13 de agosto de 2025
viernes, 1 de agosto de 2025
jueves, 31 de julio de 2025
SIGLO XIX, primera mitad (1801-1850)
https://loscomicsdemachete.blogspot.com/2025/07/el-hombre-del-ano-1815.html
1833 Mehmet Alí, el gobernador de Egipto, se rebela contra el gobierno del imperio turco otomano y conquista parte de su territorio
Mehmet Alí comenzará una política de modernización en los territorios que controlaba
SIGLO XVIII, segunda mitad (1751-1800)
1789 14 de julio Asalto a la Bastilla
1792, 10 de agosto Asalto al palacio de las Tullerías
1793 Ejecución de Luis XIII
1794, 27 de julio Detención de Robespierre
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1797 enero Batalla de Rívoli
El ejército francés dirigido por Napoleón Bonaparte derrota a los austriacos en el norte de Italia
miércoles, 16 de julio de 2025
Textos 2025-2026
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jwjgwD_FDhE
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DApeLwaMCHM
https://ctxt.es/es/20250701/Firmas/49689/gerardo-tece-vox-torre-pacheco-ley-de-partidos.htm
https://www.publico.es/opinion/columnas/torre-pacheco-trailer-espera.html
https://www.publico.es/opinion/columnas/lecciones-torre-pacheco.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Caen_(1346)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froissart%27s_Chronicles
https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/basis/froissart-full.asp
https://archive.org/stream/chroniclesoffroi00froiuoft/chroniclesoffroi00froiuoft_djvu.txt
https://brilliantmaps.com/roman-empire-gdp/
The message where the Senate demands your leader commit suicide is triggered by a Huge City being completed on the Italian Peninsula, by any of the three Roman familes. I got it the very turn after Tarentum (I think it was that one) became Huge.
Actually, a Huge City on the Italian Peninsula (except Rome) is the trigger for the Marian Reforms. The Leader Suicide order is not related to it.
https://imperiumromanum.pl/en/roman-economy/roman-goods-prices/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zV0PbR06b90
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nnLZBGR62wA&list=PL1U_8A7q8La08nrVULxJOeiHMzZ7UJ06r&index=7
https://www.farodevigo.es/opinion/2025/07/19/ilegal-119851595.html
El ilegal
Pidió prestado el dinero para el viaje a su maestro, Miguel Torres, el hombre que le enseñó a trabajar el metal. La mayor parte del dinero se la dejó a su mujer para que pudiese ir tirando hasta que cambiase la suerte. Después de pagar el billete de tren le quedaron tan solo unas pocas monedas que nada más alcanzaron para una semana de pensión y un paquete de tabaco. Sin papeles, sin saber el idioma, solo en una ciudad extraña a más de mil setecientos kilómetros de su casa, Manuel iba a buscarse la vida con los bolsillos vacíos.
Pasó días sin comer, buscando por todas partes hasta que le dijeron que en tal sitio necesitaban a alguien que supiese trabajar con un torno. Nunca entendió muy bien qué providencia le ayudó a llegar hasta el sitio en cuestión desconociéndolo todo, pero lo hizo y por señas pidió el trabajo. Le dieron unos planos, unas herramientas, el material necesario. Con la cabeza dándole vueltas por el hambre hizo la pieza requerida y consiguió el puesto.
El ilegal trabajó, aprendió el idioma (los idiomas, en realidad), hizo vida monacal, ahorró todo lo que podía para enviarlo a casa, a su casa, a la orilla del sur desde la que había salido, allí donde había quien le esperaba. Pasó frío, tuvo miedo, estuvo enfermo sin que nadie pudiera cuidarle, darle consuelo, preguntarle «¿estás mejorcito?», con la dulzura de los diminutivos.
Cuando tuvo lo suficiente para poder salir adelante, dar la entrada de un pisito (una fastuosa mansión de sesenta y ocho metros cuadrados en un barrio humilde donde criar a sus cuatro hijos), decidió volver. No se hacía a otro horizonte que el del rebalaje, a otra luz, a otros vientos, a otros acentos. Regresó tan ilegal como se fue, sin haber hecho más que quitarse el hambre y la miseria.
Años más tarde, cuando el alzhéimer le arrasó la memoria, lo único que le quedó fue el recuerdo de aquella ciudad donde había sido ilegal, a la que seguía viendo cuando miraba por la ventana del hospital, y se pasaba las horas explicando: «Mira, mira. Allí, en aquella esquina, es donde compro el chocolate y el tabaco, y allí, en la otra acera, un poco más adelante, donde me tomo el café». Y luego me rebuscaba en los bolsillos unas monedas para dárselas a su mujer, preocupado siempre de que tuviera lo necesario para vivir.
No sé qué diría ahora, viendo todo este horror de salir a cazar al inmigrante en una tierra que si algo dio fueron emigrantes. Daría más de lo que tengo por sentarme a tomar un café con Manuel y que me contara otra vez el dolor que sentía cuando le llamaban cochon (‘cerdo’) solo por ser de otra parte. Manuel, el ilegal. Mi padre
Leo en El Periódico que la aragonesa Ana Arnal, 44 años, acaba de completar el reto de viajar a todos los países del mundo reconocidos por la ONU, que son un total de 197. Es un plan ambicioso, mucho más que tomarse de una sentada los 25 chupitos que aparecían en la pizarra del bar O Candil, mi gran hito como devorador de retos. El suyo, que recuerda a las aventuras de Marco Polo, o a La vuelta al mundo en 80 días, pero con más tiempo libre y más controles de seguridad en los aeropuertos, tiene algo de coleccionista de cromos del jet lag y nos recuerda que viven entre nosotros personas cuya razón en la vida es no quedarse quieto y, claro, vivir para contarlo. "El mundo se te queda muy pequeño", declara en esa misma entrevista. Y debe ser verdad, pues Ana Arnal ni siquiera es la primera aragonesa en lograrlo, tan solo la segunda.
Lo malo de estas gestas es que uno suele sentir la necesidad de iluminar al resto y declarar, sin ningún tipo de rubor, que viajar te enseña que la gente es buena por naturaleza y razonamientos por el estilo, como si no existieran las guerras, la trata de personas, las estafas telefónicas o las peleas por el último pack ahorro de Cola Cao en el supermercado.
Hay personas que confunden el haber estado en todos los países del mundo con saber algo de la vida. O con saberlo todo, que es todavía peor. Es gente que aterriza en Barajas, o en el Prat, o en Lavacolla, con la lengua inflamada y el pasaporte lleno de sellos como prueba irrefutable de que ya no necesitas leer, de que ya nadie te puede enseñar nada, de que llevas grabado en la propia piel el mapa que explica el amor, el dolor... Conoces hasta el método definitivo para elegir sandías, que ya es mucho conocer.
No se trata de un fenómeno nuevo, ahí está la literatura antigua para demostrarlo, pero sí enfermizo, casi epidémico. La única diferencia estriba en que, no hace tanto, para repartir consejos vitales convenía apuntarse algún tanto serio: escribir un tratado, perder una guerra, criar a varios hijos, sacarse una oposición. Hoy basta con hacerse dos o tres safaris por África. O bañarse en las playas del Caribe. O comer tofu en lugar de carne. Hay quien se pierde un par de semanas por el sudeste asiático y vuelve reencarnado en una mezcla de Buda, Marie Kondo y Paulo Coelho. "No necesitamos tantas cosas para ser felices", te dicen en un reel grabado con un iPhone que cuesta 1.500 euros y del que cuelga un muñequito Labubu por ser el último grito en Japón. No las necesitará usted, señorita; déjeme a mí con mis defectos de pequeño consumista, que algún capricho me concederá el hecho de no haber visitado ni media docena de países, Andorra y sus ofertas en pequeños electrodomésticos incluida.
Siendo un poco reduccionista y algo cabrón, toda esta cultura de nuevo cuño se resume en un principio básico: el de aspirar a convertirte en referente sin que nadie te lo haya pedido. El coach soy yo. El tratar de convertir en enseñanzas lo que siempre fueron experiencias. Ya no hay viajes, ahora son revelaciones. Y no se callan, ni se callarán. Hablan, hablan y hablan. Filosofan, filosofan y filosofan. Aconsejan, aconsejan y aconsejan. Y, claro, te miran como si tú, pobre mortal, pobre ignorante de la vida vacía y sedentaria, no supieses ni respirar.
No se trata de envidia mi protesta, aunque pueda parecerlo: tan solo es agotamiento. De alguna manera se tiene que revelar uno cuando el turismo intensivo se confunde con sabiduría, porque el mundo parece estar lleno de gente que ha viajado mucho, pero ha aprendido muy poco. También de gente que, sin moverse de su aldea ni colgar stories en Instagram, saben cuándo callar, qué decir y hasta cómo vivir. Aunque su pasaporte no le acredite eso que algunos confunden con la experiencia. Solo un consejo para terminar: si de verdad tanto han aprendido de recorrer el mundo entero, de punta a punta, por favor, cállense un rato. Porque el verdadero viaje vital empieza o debería empezar cuando dejas de creerte interesante por haber hecho uno.
Ama, reza, calla
domingo, 6 de julio de 2025
martes, 1 de julio de 2025
sábado, 28 de junio de 2025
US Marine versus German Soldier. Belleau Wood 1918
https://vk.com/club200825730?z=photo-200825730_457244857%2Falbum-200825730_276983625%2Frev
Marine rifleman, 3/5th Marines. Belleau Wood, June 25, 1918.
This Marine is advancing in “light order” for combat, therefore he is not carrying a bedroll or greatcoat/overcoat. He is armed with the M1903 Springfield rifle (1), a .30-caliber bolt-action weapon that used a five-round magazine. The M1903 weighed 8.69lb and was 43.2in long without a bayonet; with the 20in M1905 bayonet attached (2) it weighed 9.69lb.
On his chest is the haversack (3) for the British gasmask and Small Box Respirator. The gasmask had a head cover with plastic eyepieces, that connected by a hose to the box-like air filter which contained granules of charcoal and other chemicals which absorbed the chlorine and phosgene gases and allowed cleaned air to pass. The mask provided some protection from inhalation and eye exposure to mustard gas, but any exposed skin would be affected by contact. He wears the Army’s M1910 webbing (4); its cartridge belt had ten pouches, each holding two five-round clips for his rifle. His water bottle (5), or canteen, is attached to the belt on his right hip. The bayonet holder (6) is attached to the webbing on his left back. The pack (7), or knapsack, is lightly loaded with emergency rations, and probably a few personal items he wants with him at all times. The entrenching tool (8) is attached to the pack, ready for digging in on a captured objective. He is wearing a British-style M1917 steel helmet (9), the standard helmet of the AEF. His boots (10) are M1917/1918 Army 4.5in-high ankle boots.
This Marine is advancing in “light order” for combat, therefore he is not carrying a bedroll or greatcoat/overcoat. He is armed with the M1903 Springfield rifle (1), a .30-caliber bolt-action weapon that used a five-round magazine. The M1903 weighed 8.69lb and was 43.2in long without a bayonet; with the 20in M1905 bayonet attached (2) it weighed 9.69lb.
On his chest is the haversack (3) for the British gasmask and Small Box Respirator. The gasmask had a head cover with plastic eyepieces, that connected by a hose to the box-like air filter which contained granules of charcoal and other chemicals which absorbed the chlorine and phosgene gases and allowed cleaned air to pass. The mask provided some protection from inhalation and eye exposure to mustard gas, but any exposed skin would be affected by contact. He wears the Army’s M1910 webbing (4); its cartridge belt had ten pouches, each holding two five-round clips for his rifle. His water bottle (5), or canteen, is attached to the belt on his right hip. The bayonet holder (6) is attached to the webbing on his left back. The pack (7), or knapsack, is lightly loaded with emergency rations, and probably a few personal items he wants with him at all times. The entrenching tool (8) is attached to the pack, ready for digging in on a captured objective. He is wearing a British-style M1917 steel helmet (9), the standard helmet of the AEF. His boots (10) are M1917/1918 Army 4.5in-high ankle boots.
Marine rifleman, 3/5th Marines. Belleau Wood, June 25, 1918.
This Marine is advancing in “light order” for combat, therefore he is not carrying a bedroll or greatcoat/overcoat. He is armed with the M1903 Springfield rifle (1), a .30-caliber bolt-action weapon that used a five-round magazine. The M1903 weighed 8.69lb and was 43.2in long without a bayonet; with the 20in M1905 bayonet attached (2) it weighed 9.69lb.
On his chest is the haversack (3) for the British gasmask and Small Box Respirator. The gasmask had a head cover with plastic eyepieces, that connected by a hose to the box-like air filter which contained granules of charcoal and other chemicals which absorbed the chlorine and phosgene gases and allowed cleaned air to pass. The mask provided some protection from inhalation and eye exposure to mustard gas, but any exposed skin would be affected by contact. He wears the Army’s M1910 webbing (4); its cartridge belt had ten pouches, each holding two five-round clips for his rifle. His water bottle (5), or canteen, is attached to the belt on his right hip. The bayonet holder (6) is attached to the webbing on his left back. The pack (7), or knapsack, is lightly loaded with emergency rations, and probably a few personal items he wants with him at all times. The entrenching tool (8) is attached to the pack, ready for digging in on a captured objective. He is wearing a British-style M1917 steel helmet (9), the standard helmet of the AEF. His boots (10) are M1917/1918 Army 4.5in-high ankle boots.
This Marine is advancing in “light order” for combat, therefore he is not carrying a bedroll or greatcoat/overcoat. He is armed with the M1903 Springfield rifle (1), a .30-caliber bolt-action weapon that used a five-round magazine. The M1903 weighed 8.69lb and was 43.2in long without a bayonet; with the 20in M1905 bayonet attached (2) it weighed 9.69lb.
On his chest is the haversack (3) for the British gasmask and Small Box Respirator. The gasmask had a head cover with plastic eyepieces, that connected by a hose to the box-like air filter which contained granules of charcoal and other chemicals which absorbed the chlorine and phosgene gases and allowed cleaned air to pass. The mask provided some protection from inhalation and eye exposure to mustard gas, but any exposed skin would be affected by contact. He wears the Army’s M1910 webbing (4); its cartridge belt had ten pouches, each holding two five-round clips for his rifle. His water bottle (5), or canteen, is attached to the belt on his right hip. The bayonet holder (6) is attached to the webbing on his left back. The pack (7), or knapsack, is lightly loaded with emergency rations, and probably a few personal items he wants with him at all times. The entrenching tool (8) is attached to the pack, ready for digging in on a captured objective. He is wearing a British-style M1917 steel helmet (9), the standard helmet of the AEF. His boots (10) are M1917/1918 Army 4.5in-high ankle boots.
German infantryman, Infanterie-Regiment 347. Belleau Wood, June 25, 1918.
This German infantryman is part of the local reserves sent to counterattack the Marines and restore the defense. He has left his backpack behind and is carrying his weapons and minimal personal equipment. He is throwing a stick hand grenade (1) and has more attached to his belt (2). His 7.92mm Mauser Gewehr 98 bolt-action rifle (3) is slung across his back and his bayonet is still carried in the bayonet scabbard (4). The bayonet scabbard is attached to his cartridge belt, which has six cartridge pouches (5), each holding 20 rounds for his rifle. Also attached to the belt are his canvas bread bag (6) and a water bottle (7). Hanging from straps in front is his gasmask inside its cylindrical canister (8). The mask was a hood with eyepieces that used a breathing tube connected to the canister, which contained a charcoal or other chemical filter.
This infantryman is wearing a worn M1915 Bluse (9) with the number “347” on the shoulder straps identifying his regiment. His helmet (10) is the M1916 standard “coal scuttle” which does not have a camouflage covering.
This German infantryman is part of the local reserves sent to counterattack the Marines and restore the defense. He has left his backpack behind and is carrying his weapons and minimal personal equipment. He is throwing a stick hand grenade (1) and has more attached to his belt (2). His 7.92mm Mauser Gewehr 98 bolt-action rifle (3) is slung across his back and his bayonet is still carried in the bayonet scabbard (4). The bayonet scabbard is attached to his cartridge belt, which has six cartridge pouches (5), each holding 20 rounds for his rifle. Also attached to the belt are his canvas bread bag (6) and a water bottle (7). Hanging from straps in front is his gasmask inside its cylindrical canister (8). The mask was a hood with eyepieces that used a breathing tube connected to the canister, which contained a charcoal or other chemical filter.
This infantryman is wearing a worn M1915 Bluse (9) with the number “347” on the shoulder straps identifying his regiment. His helmet (10) is the M1916 standard “coal scuttle” which does not have a camouflage covering.
The ambush of the 84th Company
US view: We see the leading platoon of the 84th Company coming under fire as they advance over open terrain. The wood is green, and has not yet been shattered by heavy artillery shelling. The half-platoon is on the north side of an unimproved dirt road that is being used to guide the advance south of Belleau Wood. Three of the half-platoon’s waves, as called for in the modified French doctrine, are visible. The automatic-rifle group forms the leading wave, followed by the smaller rifle-grenadier group and then the riflemen group. Following the riflemen group (but not visible here) is the wave of hand grenadiers. Leading the half-platoon is the platoon leader, imbued with the idea that he is to lead the advance. Participants later reported that the advance was peaceful and seemed more like an exercise until the German machine guns began to fire.
US view: We see the leading platoon of the 84th Company coming under fire as they advance over open terrain. The wood is green, and has not yet been shattered by heavy artillery shelling. The half-platoon is on the north side of an unimproved dirt road that is being used to guide the advance south of Belleau Wood. Three of the half-platoon’s waves, as called for in the modified French doctrine, are visible. The automatic-rifle group forms the leading wave, followed by the smaller rifle-grenadier group and then the riflemen group. Following the riflemen group (but not visible here) is the wave of hand grenadiers. Leading the half-platoon is the platoon leader, imbued with the idea that he is to lead the advance. Participants later reported that the advance was peaceful and seemed more like an exercise until the German machine guns began to fire.
German view: Members of an MG 08 machine-gun team from 2. MGK/IR 461 are firing at the 84th Company in the distance. The Americans are marching across ground 500yd away and approximately 100ft lower than their opponents’ positions. The machine-gun team is located in a small open space among giant boulders within the wood and surrounded by trees in full leaf. Marines have entered the machine gun’s fire zone; the crew has just opened fire. The team’s ammunition and gun carriers are ready with their Mauser Gewehr 98 rifles to join in the firing, even though German marksmanship at this stage of the war was generally poor. The machine-gun company leaders had waited for more Marines to move into the fields of fire, in order to make the first volleys of fire as effective as possible against the exposed 84th Company.
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