¿QUÉ ES LA EUGENESIA? DEL DARWINISMO SOCIAL A LA EUGENESIA ACTUAL
frenología
El racialismo, también conocido como racismo científico, es una filosofía social biológico-cultural, una actitud o un sistema social, que propugnan la existencia de razas humanas las cuales presentarían relevantes diferencias entre sí que se traducirían en los terrenos culturales, económicos y políticos principalmente.
A-priori el racialismo no implica necesariamente la idea de superioridad de unas razas sobre otras, como propugna el racismo si bien suele llevar aparejadas propuestas de segregación racial e ideas sobre la preferencia supuestamente "natural" de las personas hacia la propia raza. El racialismo al tener en común con el racismo el reconocimiento de la existencia de razas, suele derivar en racismo o se suele utilizar como forma argumentativa de racismo oculto. De este modo el racialismo concierne a las series de doctrinas e ideologías que se han elaborado desde distintas ópticas a partir de la idea de la existencias de diferentes razas en la actual especie humana.
Principales postulados
Siguiendo los lineamientos esbozados por Tzvetan Todorov en su obra "Nosotros y los otros", donde trabaja el tema de la alteridad, los principales postulados del Racismo Científico son:- Existencia de razas: supone, anacrónicamente, que la especie humana está conformada por distintas razas (negroides, caucasoides, mongoloides, etc).
- Correlato entre lo físico y lo moral: implica la imposibilidad de la educación para producir transformaciones en el ser humano, por lo tanto, el racialismo pone un fuerte acento en la naturaleza biológica del hombre. Lo innato se impone así a lo cultural.
- Jerarquía única de valores: Las distintas razas se ordenan en gradación, donde las arquetípicas ocupan la cima y las más bárbaras (en el sentido estricto del término) en la base.
- Acción del grupo sobre el individuo: La individualización de los cuerpos no existe aquí; la persona es lo que su grupo "racial" de pertenencia es. La diferenciación al interior de la raza no existe según la concepción racialista.
Scientific racism is the use of scientific techniques and hypotheses to support or justify the belief in racism, racial inferiority, or racial superiority, or alternatively the practice of classifying individuals of different phenotypes into discrete races.[1][2][3]
As a category of theory, scientific racism employs anthropology (notably physical anthropology), anthropometry, craniometry, and other disciplines, in proposing anthropologic typologies supporting the classification of human populations into physically discrete human races, that might be asserted to be superior or inferior. Scientific racism was common during the New Imperialism period (c. 1880s – 1914) where it was used in justifying White European imperialism, and it culminated in the period from 1920 to the end of World War II when it was finally considered discredited. Since the later 20th century, scientific racism has been criticized as obsolete and as historically used to support or validate racist world-views, based upon belief in the existence and significance of racial categories and a hierarchy of superior and inferior races.[4]
After the end of the Second World War (1939–45) and the occurrence of the Holocaust, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in UNESCO's antiracist statement "The Race Question" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering."[5] Today, perceived scientific racism is sometimes labeled as a pseudoscience.[2][3]
The term “scientific racism” is pejorative as applied to modern theories, as in The Bell Curve (1994), which investigated racial differences in IQ, concluding that genetics explained at least part of the IQ differences between races. Critics argue that such works are motivated by racist presumptions unsupported by available evidence. Publications such as the Mankind Quarterly, founded as an explicitly "race-conscious" publication, have been accused of scientific racism for publishing articles on controversial interpretations of human evolution, intelligence, ethnography, language, mythology, archaeology, and race subjects.[6] The pejorative label, "scientific racism", criticizes studies claiming to establish a connection between, for example, race and intelligence, and argues that this promotes the idea of "superior" and "inferior" human races.[7]
As a category of theory, scientific racism employs anthropology (notably physical anthropology), anthropometry, craniometry, and other disciplines, in proposing anthropologic typologies supporting the classification of human populations into physically discrete human races, that might be asserted to be superior or inferior. Scientific racism was common during the New Imperialism period (c. 1880s – 1914) where it was used in justifying White European imperialism, and it culminated in the period from 1920 to the end of World War II when it was finally considered discredited. Since the later 20th century, scientific racism has been criticized as obsolete and as historically used to support or validate racist world-views, based upon belief in the existence and significance of racial categories and a hierarchy of superior and inferior races.[4]
After the end of the Second World War (1939–45) and the occurrence of the Holocaust, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in UNESCO's antiracist statement "The Race Question" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering."[5] Today, perceived scientific racism is sometimes labeled as a pseudoscience.[2][3]
The term “scientific racism” is pejorative as applied to modern theories, as in The Bell Curve (1994), which investigated racial differences in IQ, concluding that genetics explained at least part of the IQ differences between races. Critics argue that such works are motivated by racist presumptions unsupported by available evidence. Publications such as the Mankind Quarterly, founded as an explicitly "race-conscious" publication, have been accused of scientific racism for publishing articles on controversial interpretations of human evolution, intelligence, ethnography, language, mythology, archaeology, and race subjects.[6] The pejorative label, "scientific racism", criticizes studies claiming to establish a connection between, for example, race and intelligence, and argues that this promotes the idea of "superior" and "inferior" human races.[7]
Enlightenment thinkers
During the Age of Enlightenment (an era from the 1650s to the 1780s), concepts of monogenism and polygenism became popular, though they would only be systematized epistemologically during the 19th century. Monogenism contends that all races have a single origin, while polygenism is the idea that each race has a separate origin. Until the 18th century, the words "race" and "species" were interchangeable.[11]
See also: Race (historical definitions)
- 1 Antecedents
- 2 Racial theories in physical anthropology, 1850–1918
- 3 Ideological applications
- 4 Interbellum to World War II
- 5 After 1945
- 6 Views of hereditarian race researchers
- 7 See also
- 8 References
- 9 Bibliography
- 10 Further reading
- 11 External links
The scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century, unilineal evolution
(a.k.a. classical social evolution) was a conflation of competing
sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that Western European
culture was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The proposal
that social status is unilineal—from primitive to civilized, from
agricultural to industrial—became popular among philosophers, including Friedrich Hegel, Immanuel Kant, and Auguste Comte. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction slavery and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the antebellum Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev. Richard Furman and Thomas R. Cobb, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery.[53]
EUGENESIA
No hay comentarios:
Publicar un comentario