(1) Achaean Post-Palatial Period warrior, reconstructed from Grave XXVIII at Tiryns. His armour and weaponry includes a bronze helmet and spear, an iron dagger and a round shield with a bronze boss. The absence of metal in the greave area of the grave may suggest the use of an early type of linothorax (linen armour), visible on contemporary pottery from the same location. The divided crest on his helmet is based on various late Achaean representations.
(2) ‘Doric’ warrior. This warrior, from the edge of the Achaean world, may represent one of the newcomers who spread throughout most Greek-speaking areas during the collapse of the palatial societies. His weaponry is strongly influenced by Central European forms, as reflected in his bronze armour, here copied from the Pilismarót example, and in the Pass Lueg crested helmet. His offensive weapons conform to Cretan examples from the early Greek Dark Age (as found at Tylissos and Mouliana), considered by Hans Jürgen Hundt to represent earlier forms of ‘Doric’ weaponry.
(3) Warrior from Achaea. The equipment of this trading warrior is based on the krater from Thermos Aitolia. Note the earlier type of mitra (lower abdomen protection) hanging from his simple bronze cuirass. The embossed shield, clearly illustrated on the pottery fragment, represents a late evolution of the Achaean large body shield.
In Grave 49 of the Skales necropolis, near Palaepaphos, an aristocratic Aegean 11th-century
bc
warrior was found. His name, Opeletau (in classical Greek, Ofeletes), was recorded on a large bronze cup. The warrior armed with a simple bow, is reconstructed from the scene represented on a dish from the same necropolis. His head is protected by the recently restored conical helmet from Kalorisiki. The use of scale armour in late Achaean communities in Cyprus is not only recorded in Homer and contemporary art but also confirmed by the archaeological finds from Pyla-Kokkinokremos and other sites. As depicted in the pottery, his scale armour is fitted with a Levantine-style neck protector.
The second warrior shown on the Skales necropolis dish appears to be armed with a late-Aegean Type H bronze sword. He is fully armoured, with his legs covered by the greaves found at Enkomi, and a ‘hedgehog’ leather helmet protecting his head. His panoply is completed by a spear and a round shield with the three bosses found in Kalorisiki.
The Achaean raider shown here belongs to the final wave of Sea Peoples still ravaging the Aegean Islands in the early Iron Age. His equipment consists of a banded bronze corselet, a long Naue II sword, a bi-horned helmet (copied from a Proto-White Painted Ware pottery cup from Palepaphos-Hasan) and a large Proto-Dipylon shield (represented in pottery from the same area).
The Lefkandi Chieftain, recreated here was found in his heroon (shrine) in 1981. He was cremated with his weapons. The long, narrow building (50m x 10m) in which the burial was found has been reconstructed in the background as his palace. The wounded warrior wears a thick quilted linen and scale corselet, the shape of which is inspired by the terracotta Lefkandi Centaur. His iron weapons – a spear, a sword in a wooden scabbard and his bow and arrows – are all from the burial, but his conical helmet is copied from the early specimens depicted on Proto-Geometric pottery.
The distressed princess who rushes to meet him is adorned with gold jewels, gold coils in her hair, rings, gold breast plates and an heirloom necklace (an elaborate Cypriot or Near Eastern necklace made some 200–300 years before her burial).
Also shown here are Euboeian retainers of the chieftain The bones of one of the retainers at Lefkandi were placed in a bronze jar from Cyprus, with hunting scenes on the cast rim, and it is the later that informs the reconstruction here, in addition to other material found in the area (including no fewer than ten Naue II swords). The retainers are armed with bows, Naue II daggers, spears, axes and cut-and-thrust swords, all in iron, which are mostly covered in perishable natural material.
In a grave near the chieftain’s one, four horses, and what seems to be the remains of a war chariot were found. The horses appeared to have been sacrificed, some with iron bits still in their mouths. The chariot reconstructed is a two-wheeled, early Geometrical vehicle, based upon the wheel types found at Lefkandi.
The Cretan warrior shown here
bc
) is based on a pottery fragment from Heraklion, which shows various fighters engaged in hunting wild animals. He is wearing a triangular quilted corselet, made of linen or other organic material, reinforced with bronze bosses. On his head is a hypothetical conical bronze helmet fitted with three plumes. His square shield is made of woven wicker, and he carries a bronze spear.
The warrior from the Areopagus grave was found alongside the bodies of his staff, and he has been reconstructed here as an Athenian warlord
bc
). Note the elaborated typical of the Proto-Geometric Period, and the linen corselet, forerunner of the linothorax. The bronze helmet is based on pottery representations from the same period.
Also shown here are reconstructions of helmets from Enkomi 1100
bc
), Kos 1100
bc
), Kition 900
bc
) and Lefkandi 950
bc
); iron and bronze Naue II swords and a typical scabbard of the period, from Cretan finds; early iron spearheads, from Tiryns and Crete; details of a small round and a large Dipylon shield. The latter shield was the most typical of the period; it is shown here covered with layers of ox hide, continuing the tradition of the Bronze Age.
Clay and bronze representations of warriors in Crete often feature conical pointed helmets. The three warriors shown here are based chiefly on the Idaean Cave shield depictions. The warlord
bc
) is clad in elaborate equipment, strongly influenced by the Near East. His bronze conical helmet, very similar to contemporary Anatolian examples, features a high hair crest, as noted on numerous Cretan representations of the period, like the bronze plate from a tomb in Kavousi. His panoply comprises a padded tunic, a bronze belt and greaves. He also wears the rich gold ornaments and carries the sword found in the Khaniale Tekke tombs, together with the highly decorated bronze shield from the Idaean Cave. The iron sword, with three bronze rivets for the bone hilt plate, measures 47.3cm in length.
The retainers of the warlord carry two different shields. The round one is of beaten bronze, echoing Northern European forms. The Dipylon shield is made of wood and leather and is covered in bronze; it is held together with bronze nails. The elite archer is using an Assyrian-type composite bow, and he wears a padded tunic with geometric patterns. The donkey bears the supplies of the warriors, a detail copied from a terracotta pot of the Post-Palatial Period.
The Athenian aristocratic warrior at centre is based on the famous Aktorione Vase, a late Geometric oenochoe (wine jug) showing scenes from the The helmets represented in Dipylon pottery are mainly examples of conical ones fitted with a tube for the crest support. His armour comprises a leather corselet fitted with bronze bosses and plates, while his lower legs are protected by a mixture of linen and bronze. The Aktorione Vase confirms the employment of rectangular shields made of wicker and leather, and painted with chequered patterns.
The Dipylon shield, on the back of the chariot driver is the form most often represented in Attic pottery of the period. The man wears no body armour but sports a cone-type helmet variant. He is armed with a sword.
The young woman is reconstructed according to the fashion of the period. Pins in Proto-Geometric graves are often found in pairs, sometimes in larger groups and it has been commonly assumed that arrangements of pins in the grave represent the manner in which they were commonly worn in life to fasten a basic Pairs of fibulae are usually found around the shoulders area, sometimes combined with pins. The disposition of goods in some graves also suggests more complex arrangements, including a third fibula on the chest, several arranged across or down the body as if to fasten a dress or shroud, and even one or more around the head to secure a veil or other head-covering. Finger rings of metal wire or sheet metal (bronze, gold or silver) were also common in the early Iron Age, as well as spiral twists of wire worn in the hair or as earrings, dress ornaments of gold sheet or foil, necklaces, and ornaments worn around the wrist or arm.
The Spartan hoplite copied from one of the warrior figurines from the Menelaion Sanctuary) is equipped with a large round shield decorated with a petal motif. His corselet is made of quilted linen reinforced with bronze studs. He also wears a bronze belt, a typical crested Proto-Corinthian bronze helmet and greaves. The latter barely cover the height of the shin, and as yet there is no attempt to show any musculature. He is armed with two javelins or dual-purpose spears, which can be used either as javelins or for close-quarter fighting.
A fragment of late Geometric pottery from Argos shows a hoplite wearing an early Proto-Corinthian helmet, topped with a round, plumed crest. His armour consists of bronze body armour, bronze greaves and a Herzsprung bronze shield. Examples of bronze-faced shields have been found at shrines such as Delphi and Idalion in Cyprus. The V-shaped notch in the centre reflects, according to Nick Sekunda, the original leather construction of this type of shield, considered of Central European origin. His armament is that of the typical early hoplite, with two spears and a short sword.
The warrior on the ground is copied from the votive shield from Tiryns. He wears a bronze helmet of clear Urartian influence, with a bronze crest and chequered plumes. Of note is the Dipylon shield variant he has dropped, his painted baldric, which echoes those of the Homeric Bronze Age heroes, and his multicoloured linothorax.
This figure represents an Athenian warrior of the Geometric Period, typically represented on Dipylon pottery. He is carrying the Dipylon shield with a baldric or telamoun. The shield, according to Attic pottery, sometimes appears to be made of wicker and leather and sometimes of solid wood. The bronze conical helmet with crest tube, from Argos, is clearly of oriental pattern, but made in a local style. Note his highly decorated chiton and bronze belt
This figure represents an Argive hoplite it is based on the earliest-known pre-hoplite equipment found at a burial site in Argos. The helmet is made of five pieces and furnished with a crescent-shaped crest; it is of the Kegel type, leaving the face open but protecting the cheeks and neck. He is armed with two double-headed iron axes and wears three gold finger rings on his right hand. In the Argos burial, fire spits and traces of sheet metal (probably for greaves) were also found.
The Argos cuirass like its Bronze Age forerunners, has a front and back plate. Both plates are simply decorated in the form of the anatomy of the human torso, with narrow embossed ridges around the arm holes, the waist and the hips. Around the neck, the arm holes and the hips, the bronze is rolled forward to strengthen the edge. The two plates were fastened to each other by two tubular projections placed on the right edge of the front plate which fitted into corresponding slots in the back plate and held in position with two pins.
Spearheads from Athens (900–800 and Tiryns (700 Early Iron Age sword, from Kerameikos (820 Sword from Philia (750 and Round shield. Dipylon shield with cutaway construction detail. A Kegel helmet Variant B from Argos. Proto-Corinthian helmet.
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